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In recent years, cannabis consumption has sparked growing interest. CBD and THC, two molecules of cannabis, are often compared: one is sought for its relaxing effects, while the other is known for its intoxicating properties. But beyond the common misconceptions, what are their real differences?
Although they share a chemical structure made of carbon and oxygen atoms, their effects on the body differ. Their interaction with the endocannabinoid system influences aspects such as sleep, pain, and stress.
If you’re wondering how these chemical substances affect your body, which products to prioritize between oils, e-liquids, or CBD flowers, or which molecule suits your needs best, this guide is here to help you.
Here, you will learn how CBD and THC interact with your body, what their applications are, and how to choose the right product based on your expectations.
Table of contents CBD vs THC
- Differences Between CBD and THC • Key Points to Remember
- CBD and THC • Understanding Their Origins and Molecular Structure
- How do CBD and THC Interact with Our Body?
- What are the Effects of CBD and THC on the Body and Mind?
- CBD or THC for What Uses?
- What are the Best Ways to Consume CBD and THC Safely?
- CBD and THC • What Does the Law Say in Switzerland?
- Can You Test Positive on a Drug Test with CBD?
- CBD or THC • Other Frequently Asked Questions?
Differences Between CBD and THC • Key Points to Remember
CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) are the two most well-known and studied cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. Although they share a similar chemical structure, they have very different effects on the body and mind. Here is a summary table to give you an overview of their main differences.
CBD and THC share similarities, but their effects, uses, and legal status clearly distinguish them. After reviewing the comparison table, let’s focus on five key differences that influence their consumption.
- Molecular Structure: Despite having a similar chemical structure, THC directly activates CB1 receptors, causing a psychoactive effect, while CBD interacts differently, offering a relaxing effect without cognitive alteration.
- Effects on the Body: THC alters perception, stimulates appetite, and can cause anxiety, while CBD helps regulate stress, sleep, and chronic pain without euphoric effects.
- Legality: CBD is allowed under certain conditions (less than 0.3% THC in Europe, 1% in Switzerland), while THC is strictly regulated, often limited to medical uses.
- Primary Uses: CBD is popular for daily wellness, relaxation, and pain management, while THC is used in medical treatments for acute pain, nausea, and appetite.
- Consumption Methods: Oils, edibles, flowers, vaping, creams… Both cannabinoids come in different forms, but THC often requires a prescription, unlike CBD, which is widely available.
These differences explain why CBD is accessible to the general public, while THC remains more regulated.
CBD and THC • Understanding Their Origins and Molecular Structure
CBD and THC are two cannabinoids from the cannabis plant, but their chemical structure and effect on the body are distinct. Understanding their origin and mechanism of action explains why THC is psychoactive, while CBD is not.
What is the Chemical Difference Between CBD and THC?
CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) share the same chemical formula (C₂₁H₃₀O₂), but their atomic arrangement makes all the difference.
THC binds directly to CB1 receptors, triggering its psychoactive effects.
CBD, on the other hand, acts indirectly, modulating receptor activity without altering perception.
A slight structural difference is enough to completely change their impact on the brain.
Where do CBD and THC come from? (Hemp vs Cannabis Sativa vs Indica)
The cannabis plant is divided into several subspecies, not all of which contain the same cannabinoid levels:
- Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.): Primarily used for CBD, as it contains very little THC.
- Cannabis Sativa (recreational and medicinal strains): A plant rich in THC, often consumed for its psychoactive effects.
- Cannabis Indica: High THC content, often used for its relaxing and medical effects.
? That’s why CBD is extracted from hemp, a variety of cannabis with low THC content and legally exploitable.
How do CBD and THC Interact with Our Body?
CBD and THC interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which regulates essential functions such as pain, mood, sleep, and inflammation. However, their effects differ due to their mechanism of action on ECS receptors.
THC binds directly to CB1 receptors, mainly located in the brain and central nervous system. This interaction leads to altered perception, euphoria, and sometimes side effects like anxiety or memory issues.
CBD, on the other hand, acts indirectly, modulating receptor activity without directly activating them. This helps mitigate THC’s psychoactive effects while promoting a balanced and relaxing effect. Its action on CB2 receptors, present in the immune system, also contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties.
How Do CB1 and CB2 Receptors in the Endocannabinoid System Work?
Le SEC repose sur deux récepteurs principaux :
- CB1 ? → Located in the brain and nervous system, it influences memory, appetite, and perception. THC binds directly to these receptors, explaining its euphoric effect.
- CB2 ?️ → Present in the immune system, it plays a key role in regulating inflammation and pain. CBD acts more on CB2, which explains its anti-inflammatory effects and lack of impact on perception.
This difference in action explains why THC alters consciousness, while CBD helps maintain balance in the body. The former is often sought for its immediate effects, while the latter is preferred for daily use without cognitive impact.
Why Doesn’t CBD Get You High, but THC Does?
THC is classified as a psychoactive substance, whereas CBD is not. This is due to how they interact with the brain.
THC mimics a natural neurotransmitter, anandamide, by binding directly to CB1, which alters perception and causes euphoria.
CBD, on the other hand, prevents the degradation of anandamide, prolonging its effect without directly affecting CB1.
THC causes a psychotropic effect because it binds to CB1 receptors, whereas CBD regulates their activity without activating them.
How Do Terpenes and the Entourage Effect Enhance the Benefits?
Cannabis contains, in addition to cannabinoids, terpenes, aromatic compounds that also influence the effects of CBD and THC.
? The entourage effect is the interaction between cannabinoids and terpenes, which maximizes their benefits.
? The most well-known terpenes:
- Myrcene → Relaxing effect and enhances the effects of THC.
- Limonene → Promotes good mood and reduces stress.
- Linalool → Soothes and aids sleep.
? Why is this important?
- A full-spectrum or broad-spectrum CBD containing terpenes and other cannabinoids is more effective than pure CBD isolate.
- Some terpenes modify the effect of THC, explaining why some cannabis strains are energizing (Sativa) and others relaxing (Indica).
A product containing both terpenes and multiple cannabinoids will provide a more complete and optimized effect.
What are the Effects of CBD and THC on the Body and Mind?
CBD and THC influence many physiological and mental functions, but with distinct effects.
THC primarily affects the brain, altering perception and emotional state.
CBD, on the other hand, acts as a natural regulator, influencing stress, pain, and inflammation without causing a psychotropic effect.
But what are the exact effects of these two cannabinoids on our body and mind?
What are the Psychotropic Effects of THC?
THC is a psychoactive substance because it alters perception and sensations. By directly activating the CB1 receptors in the brain, it triggers several reactions:
- Euphoria and Relaxation → A sense of well-being and ecstasy, often sought after in recreational use.
- Altered Perceptions → Distortion of time, color, and sound perceptions.
- Increased Appetite → Known as the “munchies,” this effect increases food intake.
- Sedative or Stimulating Effect → Depending on the strain (Sativa or Indica), THC can be either energizing or relaxing.
These effects explain why THC is a controlled substance in many countries.
What Are the Potential Benefits of CBD According to Science?
Numerous studies have examined the effects of CBD on anxiety, chronic pain, and sleep. Its interaction with the endocannabinoid system and serotonin receptors gives it interesting therapeutic potential. Unlike THC consumption, which is associated with psychoactive properties, CBD is valued for its therapeutic effects without altering perception.
Anxiety is one of the first areas where CBD has been studied. According to Bergamaschi et al. (2011), in Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients, published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology, a 300 mg dose of CBD significantly reduced social anxiety in patients with social phobia, suggesting a natural alternative to traditional anxiolytics.
Its potential for pain management has also been highlighted by Vučković et al. (2018) in Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules, published in Frontiers in Pharmacology. This meta-analysis indicates that CBD may alleviate neuropathic and inflammatory pain by acting on CB2 receptors, and that its effectiveness can be influenced by the THC content in CBD products, with some consumers preferring full-spectrum extracts to benefit from the entourage effect.
Sleep disorders are also among the applications of CBD. A study conducted by Shannon et al. (2019), Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series, published in The Permanente Journal, followed patients suffering from insomnia and observed that after one month of daily CBD use (25-50 mg/day), 66% of participants reported improved sleep. Products like CBD oil or infusions are often recommended for promoting deep and restorative sleep.
In the field of epilepsy, research by Devinsky et al. (2017) in Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, showed a 43% reduction in seizures in patients with Dravet syndrome, contributing to the FDA’s approval of Epidiolex.
Finally, research by Nagarkatti et al. (2009), Cannabinoids as Novel Anti-inflammatory Drugs, published in Future Medicinal Chemistry, highlights the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD, which could be beneficial for muscle recovery and certain chronic inflammatory diseases.
⚠️ While several studies support the benefits of CBD, further research is needed to confirm some effects and better understand its mechanism of action.
What Are the Side Effects of CBD and THC?
Although these cannabinoids are generally well tolerated, they can have side effects, especially depending on the dosage.
For THC:
Anxiety, Paranoia → Common with high doses or sensitivity to THC.
Cognitive Issues → Difficulty concentrating and short-term memory loss.
Increased Heart Rate → May be problematic for sensitive individuals.
Risk of Dependence → Regular THC use can lead to tolerance and a risk of addiction.
For CBD:
Mild Drowsiness → May occur at high doses, especially when combined with other relaxing agents.
Dry Mouth → An effect due to CBD’s action on saliva production.
Drug Interactions → CBD may influence the metabolism of certain medications.
CBD is generally better tolerated than THC and does not lead to dependence.
CBD or THC for What Uses?
CBD and THC have distinct therapeutic applications, depending on the desired effect. While THC is used for certain severe pains, appetite stimulation, or managing nausea, CBD stands out for its calming and anti-inflammatory properties. So, which molecule should you choose based on your needs?
CBD or THC for Pain Relief and Inflammation?
CBD and THC both affect pain management, but through different mechanisms:
THC reduces pain perception by acting directly on the CB1 receptors in the brain. It is used for neuropathic and acute pain, especially in conditions like multiple sclerosis.
CBD, on the other hand, has an anti-inflammatory action, targeting CB2 receptors. It is often preferred for chronic, muscular, and joint pain.
? Can CBD Replace THC for Pain?
In some cases, yes. Studies show that full-spectrum CBD, which contains various cannabinoids and terpenes, can enhance its analgesic effect and serve as an alternative to traditional painkillers, without the psychoactive effects of THC.
THC is effective for acute pain, while CBD is an excellent choice for inflammation and chronic pain.
CBD or THC for Anxiety and Stress Relief?
Anxiety and stress are common reasons for using CBD and THC, but their effects differ:
CBD is known for its calming effect. By modulating serotonin, it helps reduce anxiety without altering perception.
THC, in small doses, can have a relaxing effect, but at high doses, it may increase anxiety, especially in sensitive individuals.
For effective stress and anxiety management without the risk of side effects, CBD is often preferred over THC.
CBD or THC for Improving Sleep?
CBD for sleeping and deep rest is increasingly being studied, particularly for its regulatory effect on sleep-wake cycles.
THC can help you fall asleep faster, but its action on REM sleep phases may cause you to wake up feeling more fatigued.
CBD, on the other hand, promotes restful sleep by regulating circadian rhythms and reducing the impact of stress on falling asleep.
CBD is recommended for sustainable sleep improvement, while THC may be useful occasionally but can disrupt long-term rest.
CBD or THC for Appetite Stimulation and Nausea Relief?
One of the most well-known effects of THC is its ability to stimulate appetite and reduce nausea, especially in patients undergoing chemotherapy or suffering from eating disorders.
CBD, however, plays a more modulatory role in the digestive system. It can help with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or intestinal inflammation, without increasing appetite.
THC is preferred for stimulating appetite, while CBD may be useful for soothing certain digestive issues.
What are the Best Ways to Consume CBD and THC Safely?
CBD and THC can be consumed in various forms, and each method influences the speed of onset, bioavailability, and duration of effects. For an optimal and safe experience, it’s essential to understand how to choose your administration method and type of extract.
What’s the Best Method of Consumption?
The method you choose depends on the effect you’re looking for, the onset time, and the bioavailability of the product.
Oils are a versatile option, while edibles provide a longer-lasting effect. For quick action, inhalation is effective, but it does come with risks that need to be considered.
Is Smoking CBD or THC Risky?
Smoking CBD or THC exposes the body to toxic substances from combustion, which can be harmful to the lungs and cardiovascular system.
⚠️ What are the risks?
- Lung Irritation → Smoke contains irritating substances such as carbon monoxide.
- Toxins and Tar → Presence of carcinogenic compounds similar to tobacco.
- Less Controlled Dosing → More difficult to adjust the dose compared to oils or edibles.
? Safer Alternatives:
- Vaporization → Heats the plant without combustion, reducing toxin inhalation.
Oils and Edibles → Avoid lung irritation and offer more controlled absorption.
If inhalation is chosen, vaporization remains a better option than smoking.
What’s the Difference Between Full-Spectrum, Broad-Spectrum, and Isolate?
Not all CBD and THC extracts are the same. The choice between full-spectrum, broad-spectrum, and isolate influences the effect experienced and the presence of THC.
- Full-Spectrum → Contains all cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, including a small amount of THC (<0.3% in Europe, <1% in Switzerland). It promotes the entourage effect, which maximizes the product’s effectiveness.
- Broad-Spectrum → Similar to full-spectrum but without THC. Ideal for those who want the benefits of cannabis without the risk of a positive drug test.
- Isolate → Contains only pure CBD (99%), without other cannabinoids or terpenes. Its effect is more targeted but less powerful without the entourage effect.
Full-spectrum is recommended for optimal effects, while broad-spectrum is a good alternative without THC. Isolate suits people seeking pure CBD.
How Do You Choose the Right Product for Your Needs?
With the wide variety of CBD and THC products, choosing the right one depends on your goal, consumption method, and legality.
? 1. Desired Effect: CBD is ideal for relaxation, stress, and chronic pain, while THC is better suited for acute pain and appetite issues with a prescription.
? 2. Consumption Form:
- Oils and Capsules → Gradual and lasting effect.
- Vaping and Flowers → Quick effect but shorter duration.
- Edibles → Longer-lasting effect, great for pain management.
- Creams and Topicals → Targeted action on the skin.
? 3. Product Spectrum:
- Isolate → Pure CBD, no THC.
- Broad-Spectrum → Multiple cannabinoids, no THC.
- Full-Spectrum → Includes THC (<0.3% in Europe and <1% in Switzerland), more effective but detectable.
⚖️ 4. Legality and Drug Testing: CBD is legal under certain conditions, but THC is strictly regulated and detectable in drug tests.
? 5. Dosage: Always start with a low dose and adjust gradually.
Choose your product based on your needs, desired onset time, and the applicable laws.
CBD and THC • What Does the Law Say in Switzerland?
Swiss legislation clearly distinguishes between CBD and THC based on their psychoactive effect. CBD products are legal if they contain less than 1% THC, while THC is classified as a narcotic and subject to strict restrictions.
This distinction is based on their mechanism of action: THC alters perception and may impair cognitive abilities, which is why it is banned without a prescription. CBD, on the other hand, has no psychoactive effect and is used for its therapeutic benefits, particularly in oils, flowers, capsules, or creams.
In Switzerland, CBD products containing less than 1% THC are sold freely, whereas in the European Union, the limit is generally 0.2% to 0.3% (e.g., 0.3% in France). Switzerland adopts a more lenient approach, considering that a THC level of 1% does not cause euphoria, while the EU applies stricter rules to avoid confusion with recreational cannabis.
Pure THC is only available on prescription, particularly for chronic pain or multiple sclerosis treatments, under authorization from the FOPH (Federal Office of Public Health).
In Switzerland, CBD with less than 1% THC is legal, but pure THC remains banned without a prescription.
Can You Test Positive on a Drug Test with CBD?
Cannabis drug tests look for the presence of THC and its metabolites, responsible for the psychoactive effects. CBD alone should not cause a positive result, but some products, especially those containing traces of THC, can be problematic.
Not all CBD extracts are completely THC-free. Broad-spectrum CBD, which contains no THC, is the best option to avoid any risk of a positive drug test. In contrast, full-spectrum products contain small traces of THC, which can accumulate in the body and be detected.
The detection window for THC varies depending on several factors, such as frequency of use and the type of test. THC is detectable in the body for periods ranging from 24 hours in saliva to several weeks in urine, and up to 90 days in hair for regular users.
To avoid any risk of testing positive, it’s best to opt for broad-spectrum CBD and check lab analyses of the products you consume.
CBD or THC • Other Frequently Asked Questions?
Can I Legally Consume CBD or THC?
CBD is legal in many countries if it meets the allowable THC limit. In Switzerland, CBD is legal as long as it contains less than 1% THC, while THC remains illegal without a prescription.
Can CBD Replace THC?
In some cases, yes. For pain and anxiety, full-spectrum CBD can be a natural alternative, but for certain severe conditions, THC remains more effective under medical supervision.
